Nephrectomy refers to kidney removal surgery.
This surgery can be performed as follows:

• Removal of part of a kidney (partial nephrectomy)
• Whole kidney removal (simple nephrectomy)
• Removal of a kidney with the adrenal gland and the surrounding lymph nodes (radical nephrectomy)

Some of the procedures in which Nephrectomy is needed to be performed include:
kidney cancer, Large kidney stones, Kidney damage from traumatic injuries, Kidney malfunction that can increase blood pressure. Nephrectomy can also be used for kidney transplantation.
How is nephrectomy performed?
Open nephrectomy: This is a traditional surgery in which a long incision is made to access the kidneys.
Laparoscopic Nephrectomy: In the laparoscopic procedure, several small incisions are made in the abdominal wall. The kidneys (and any surrounding tissue) are then removed through these incisions using a special tool.
Robotic Surgery: Robotic surgery is similar to laparoscopic surgery, but real surgery is performed with a robotic system.

Kidney Ureteral Stenosis: Treatment with Pyeloplasty Surgery.
Uretropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the most common congenital obstruction that causes dilation of the kidneys, resulting in irreversible damage to the kidneys. One in every 1500 fetuses develops stenosis, which is more common in the left kidney and among boys. At 15% to 10% can be bilateral stenosis.
Any stenosis in the ureteral tube creates pressure and strangulate the kidney, so ureteral obstruction is a urological emergency.
Obstruction can either be congenital (the patient is born with it) or develop over time due to trauma or bodily deformity due to aging. Obstruction can be due to scar tissue, blood vessels or rarely a tumor.
The most common method of repairing and treating L.P.J stenosis and blockage is by surgery and by Pyeloplasty. Pyeloplasty is renal pelvic surgery (part of the kidney) to discharge and relieve pressure. In almost all cases, surgery is performed to relieve pelvic floor obstruction (UPJ).

Vesicoureteral reflux is a condition in which the urine returns from inside the bladder to the ureter. when urinating, part of the urine returns to the ureter and kidney, instead of existing the urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder reflux is usually diagnosed in infants and children. If left untreated, this disorder increases the risk of urinary tract infections, which can lead to kidney damage.
Urinary bladder reflux can be primary or secondary. Children with primary reflux are born with a defect in the valve that normally blocks the flow of urine from the bladder. Bladder reflux is caused by the secondary ureter due to a defect in the function of the urinary tract that is often caused by infection.
Treatment of mild reflux cases is with medication but if the original treatment fails, it's only Ureteral Reimplantation surgery.

Ureteral stent which is also called double G since the stent has two G-like ends.
The stent is a narrow, flexible tube that is inserted through the urethra by a urologist, it has to stay in the ureter for about two weeks to a month and then exited. During surgery, the stent is inserted into the ureter by a ureter scope. One end is fixed at the entrance of the kidney or lamella, and the other end is inserted into the bladder.
When will the stent be inserted?

• The patient has severe urinary stenosis, making it impossible for the ureter scope to pass through the ureter
• When the stone is crushed and the stone cracks have to be removed, stenting is done to keep the ureter open and prevent blockage from leaving the stone crumbs and no damage to the ureter when the stone is removed.
• When the ureter has adhesion or the rupture of the ureter in trauma

Circumcision is a procedure by which the foreskin of the penis is removed.
There are different ways to circumcise: One of which is a surgical procedure and the other is by loop or ring, each of which has its own side effects.
In the surgical procedure, the doctor first makes a small incision in the skin on the front of the penis, then pulls back the skin and sutures it while maintaining 2 mm of extra skin. In the ring method, by the use of a skin ring such as the cord, The Plastibell will eventually fall away as the skin to which it is attached dies.

Cystoscopy means endoscopy into the bladder.
In this procedure, by passing a narrow camera, called a cystoscope, into urethra and bladder, the doctor will accurately monitor patients’ urethra and bladder for possible diseases such as causes of bleeding and stenosis, prostate enlargement, bladder tumor, and such.
The patient is put on a bed by wearing special clothing and in a supine position. This is done with local anesthesia without the need for general anesthesia, and after the cystoscopy, which usually lasts 2-3 minutes, you get up from the bed and put on your usual clothes.
Why cystoscopy is performed?
The goal of cystoscopy is to diagnose and then treat at an early stage. For example, the most definitive method of diagnosing bladder tumor, urethral stricture, prostate enlargement, and intra-bladder or bladder stone, is cystoscopy.

Hypospadias is a congenital defect in the urethra (mostly in men) with an external urethral puncture before the glans and in the lower penis. This hole can be in the trunk, scrotum or even the midrib.
Hypospadias is much more common in men than women; in women with hypospadias, the urethra is located inside the vagina. In children with hypospadias, the risk of Wilms tumor (a form of kidney cancer) is increased. The disease can lead to frequent urinary tract infections, difficulty controlling urine, and even infertility.
The purpose of treatment:
Creating Normal Ducts for Urine, Enhancement of the Urinary tract - Genitalia and Fertility. Treatment can be done with surgery
The best time for surgery (to avoid the psychological effects) is usually about the age of one year. In addition, surgery should be performed as far as possible before the child is circumcised.

The hernia is the displacement of the organs from their natural position. There are several types, but the most common is inguinal hernia.
If for any reason fetal connection between the abdominal cavity and the inguinal region which should close at early years of life opens, the hernia occurs.
Since the hernia is not painful, some may think that it can be left untreated, but the danger is that the intestine may fall into the hernia and stuck; in this case, the bowel becomes black and requires emergency surgery.
Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, fever, and severe pain. Therefore, Inguinal hernia should be repaired as soon as possible.
Types of hernia surgery
There are generally two types of surgery:

• Open surgery
• Laparoscopic surgery

In the Laparoscopic procedure by creating three small holes and Insertion of the instrument into the abdomen, the location of the hernia is accurately seen and repaired. One of the benefits of this method is the possibility of examining the opposite side and the possibility of performing surgery for the opposite side hernia through the same cut. This operation takes about an hour.